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1. ´ç»çÀÚ
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½ÅûÀÎÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÎ: Kirkpatrick & Lockhart Nicholson Graham LLP, United States of
America and Cho & Partners, Republic of Korea.
ÇǽÅûÀÎ: iContents, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
ÇǽÅûÀÎÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÎ: Dongsuh Law Offices, Republic of Korea.
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disputes have taken the view that a complaint cannot succeed unless at the outset,
when registering the Domain Name, the Respondent did so with the Complainant
and/or its trade/service mark in mind. It is to be noted, however, that sub-paragraph
(iv), unlike the three preceding sub-paragraphs, makes no reference to the Respondent¡¯s
motives at time of registration of the Domain Name. Accordingly, on the face
of it, intentional bad faith use is deemed to be ¡°bad faith registration and
use¡± for the purposes of paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy even though the bad
faith intent may not have existed at the time of registration. The Panel believes
that this may well have been a drafting error, but for the purpose of this dispute,
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DISSENTING OPINION
I concur with my distinguished co-Panelists that the Complaint presents a new
dispute that the Panel must consider. I also concur that the Complainant has
successfully shown that: the domain name in dispute ¡°is identical or confusingly
similar to a trademark or service mark in which the [C]omplainant has rights¡±;
and the Respondent has ¡°no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the
domain name.¡± Paragraph 4(a)(i) and (ii) of the Policy. I disagree, however,
that the Complainant has failed to show that the ¡°domain name has been registered
and is being used in bad faith.¡± Paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy. I would
find that the evidentiary record of this case establishes the bad faith requirement,
and would order the transfer of the domain name to the Complainant. Therefore,
I dissent from the decision of the majority denying the Complaint.
The bad faith element as described in the Policy has given rise to significant
discussion by panels in previous decisions. Some panels have ruled that paragraph
4(a)(iii) of the Policy requires proof of both bad faith registration and bad
faith use. See Teradyne, Inc. Teradyne, Inc. v. 4Tel Technology, WIPO
Case No. D2000-0026 (May 9, 2000); World Wrestling Federation Entertainment,
Inc. v. Bosman, WIPO Case No. D1999-0001
(January 14, 2000). Presumably, this view originates from the strict text of
paragraph 4(a)(iii): ¡°domain name has been registered and is being used in bad
faith.¡± (emphasis added). Thus, according to this reading of the Policy, if
there is no evidence of bad faith at the time of registration, the panel must
rule in favor of the respondent, even if the respondent has subsequently used
the domain name in bad faith. Dean Hill Systems Ltd. v. Santana, WIPO
Case No. D2002-0404 (September 20, 2002) (Concurrence of David H. Bernstein)
(discussing E-Duction, Inc. v. Zuccarini, WIPO
Case No. D2000-1369 (February 5, 2001)).
Yet a complete reading of the Policy must take into account paragraph 4(b)
of the Policy, which begins: ¡°For the purposes of Paragraph 4(a)(iii), the following
circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the Panel to
be present, shall be evidence of the registration and use of a domain name in
bad faith[.]¡± (emphasis added). One panelist ably explained the co-existing
relationship between Paragraphs 4(a)(iii) and 4(b)(iv):
While Paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy requires that the Complainant prove
that ¡°the domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith,¡± that
requirement is further illuminated by the language of Paragraph 4(b) addressing
¡°Evidence of Registration and Use in Bad Faith.¡± Paragraph 4(b) expressly delineates
four, each free-standing, examples of what a panel may find to be ¡°evidence
of the registration and use of a domain name in bad faith¡±, but first underscores
that these examples are not the exclusive basis for finding registration and
use in bad faith . . . . Dean Hill Systems Ltd., No.
D2002-0404 (Concurrence of Sally M. Abel), supra.
Applying the Policy then, panels in previous decisions have ruled that the
complainant may satisfy the requirement of registration and use in bad faith
as set forth in paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy with evidence of any of the
non-exhaustive circumstances described in paragraph 4(b). Sydney Airport Corporation
Limited v. Crilly, WIPO Case No. D2005-0989
(November 22, 2005); Telstra Corporation Limited v. Nuclear Marshmallows, WIPO
Case No. D2000-0003 (February 18, 2000).
Here, I would find paragraph 4(a)(iii) to be present, supported by evidence
to satisfy the circumstances described in paragraph 4(b)(iv), namely, that by
using the domain name the Respondent has ¡°intentionally attempted to attract,
for commercial gain, Internet users to [the Respondent¡¯s] web site or other
on-line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the [C]omplainant¡¯s
mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of [the Respondent¡¯s]
web site or location or of a product or service on [the Respondent¡¯s] web site
or location.¡±
The evidentiary record before the Panel shows that:
The Complainant¡¯s service mark,SAM¡¯S CLUB was registered in the United States
of America in 1997, and has been a well-known mark for retail services.
The SAM¡¯S CLUB mark was also registered in other countries, including the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1999, and China in 1997.
The SAM¡¯S CLUB mark was registered in the Republic of Korea in 1998.
The Complainant registered the domain name <samsclub.com> in 1995, and
has been using it to provide information about SAM¡¯S CLUB stores and allow members
to shop online.
Years after the Complainant registered the SAM¡¯S CLUB mark in the United States
of America, China, and the Republic of Korea, and after the Complainant registered
the domain name <samsclub.com>, the Respondent registered the domain name
in dispute here: <samclub.com>. As of April 2005, the contents of the
Respondent¡¯s website, all in English text, included links entitled ¡°Online Payment,¡±
¡°Furniture,¡± ¡°Club,¡± ¡°Tires,¡± ¡°Work From Home,¡± ¡°Airline Tickets¡± and ¡°Portable
DVD Player,¡± among others.
There is more. The Complainant had previously brought an administrative proceeding
under the Policy against the Respondent in May 2005. After receiving notice
of the complaint, the Respondent changed the English content of its website
to Korean text, devoted to ginseng products. The Respondent then argued in its
response that it has rights or legitimate interests in the domain name, asserting
that ¡°sam¡± refers to the Korean term for ginseng and ¡°club¡± is a common term
in Korean. The panel agreed, and denied the complaint. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
v. iContents, WIPO Case No. D2005-0492
(June 28, 2005). Within five months of the panel¡¯s decision, the Respondent
changed the language of the website from Korean back to English, removed material
relating to ginseng, and replaced it with a search engine. Over the course of
the next three months, the Respondent provided in the website, in successive
order: textual material under the title ¡°Online Holiday Shopping Tips ? SamClub¡±;
text under the title ¡°Online Shopping tips & Coupon tips ? SamClub¡±; a ¡°SamClub
Directory¡± heading, with product categories under it; text under the title ¡°Coupon
clipping takes time, but pays off ? SamClub¡±; and text under the title ¡°Valentine¡¯s
Day Gift Ideas for Him ? SamClub,¡± among others. During this time, as the Complainant
acknowledges, the Respondent¡¯s website did include two links to ginseng products,
but mostly at the bottom right portion of the site content. The Complainant
then brought the present Complaint challenging the website¡¯s English content.
Within hours after the Complainant transmitted the Complaint to the Respondent
by e-mail, the Respondent removed the English content from the website and replaced
it with Korean text providing information about ginseng products, just as it
had done when it received the previous complaint.
In my view, the evidentiary record satisfies the circumstances provided for
in paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the Policy. That is, the Respondent used the <samclub.com>
domain name, intentionally attempting to attract, for commercial gain, Internet
users to its website by creating a likelihood of confusion with the Complainant¡¯s
SAM¡¯S CLUB mark, as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation or endorsement of
the Respondent¡¯s website. The record and the Policy make it difficult for me
to reject a finding of bad faith.
The majority declines to find bad faith registration, but finds ample evidence
of bad faith use. Significantly, bad faith registration and bad faith use can
overlap, and are not strictly separated by the registration event. Or as one
panel aptly stated, ¡°[B]ad faith use may, in appropriate cases, give rise to
an inference of bad faith registration.¡± E-Duction, Inc., D2000-1369,
supra. The evidentiary record of the present case shows that this is one such
appropriate case.
The majority¡¯s decision all but endorses the Respondent to change the content
of its website back to the original English content, for another time, freely
including material related to the same or similar retail services for which
the Complainant has long used its registered mark. I disagree with this result.
Although it is true that ¡°[t]he Policy is not suitable for the resolution of
all disputes,¡± Formway Furniture Limited v. Microfish Pty Limited, WIPO
Case No. D2001-1476 (February 23, 2002) (emphasis added), I think that observation
inappropriate here. Instead, in my view, the present case offers an example
of the ¡°unique sets of facts as to the type of behavior the Policy is intended
to address.¡± Dean Hill Systems, D2002-0404
(Concurrence of Panelist Abel), supra.
I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority¡¯s decision denying the Complaint.
Lee, Ilhyung
Dissenting Panelist
Dated: June 20, 2006